Protected vegetable fertilization techniques

Vegetables are economic crops with a short growth cycle, high multiple cropping index, many nutrient types, large fertilizer requirements, and strict requirements on yield quality and hygiene. Vegetable fertilization is an important measure for vegetable production, which directly affects the yield and quality of vegetables, which in turn affects human health and soil environmental conditions. The use of protected areas to produce vegetables, due to the protection of the facilities to form a unique environment, the environmental conditions for the production of vegetables. Fertilization conditions. There have been fundamental changes in soil conditions, etc. If there is no corresponding supporting measures, especially fertilization techniques, soil conditions will deteriorate and adversely affect vegetable production. In the long-term production practice and the research on fertilization of vegetables, the majority of vegetable farmers in our country have summarized a lot of experience in fertilization in protected areas. In summary, they can be divided into fertilization and environmental fertilization. Look at fertilization. According to the cultivation method, five kinds of fertilizers are applied according to the formula of vegetable nutrition parameters.

1 Look at the variety of vegetables and fertilized vegetables, products include roots and stems. leaf. flower. Different parts of the fruit, different vegetable crops have different needs for various nutrients. For example, fruits and vegetables grown in large areas in protected areas are supplied to the market. In addition to the necessary nitrogen fertilizer, the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be appropriately increased. Special attention should be paid to the application of organic fertilizers in large quantities. When organic fertilizers are used as base fertilizers. It can be mixed with a certain amount of superphosphate. At the time of planting, the fertilization of the seedlings is stabilized, and some refined organic fertilizer is applied after the seedlings are slowed down. The edible parts of leafy vegetables are mainly leaves, and the application of nitrogen fertilizer can promote the development of nutrients, so the quantity of nitrogen fertilizer is more demanded. Since legume vegetables can fix nitrogen in the air through the nodule nitrogen-fixing bacteria, nitrogen fertilizer is rarely applied during the cultivation process. Various vegetables have different nutrient requirements in different growth stages. For fruits and vegetables, in the later stage of vegetative growth, flower buds begin to differentiate. At this time, the amount of fertilizer is not large, but nutrient is required. Therefore, the cultivated soil for seedlings is mostly made of loam with good physicochemical properties, which lays a good foundation for cultivating strong seedlings. During the expansion of the fruit (tomato), nitrogen uptake accounts for 10 % of total absorption , phosphorus accounts for 17 %, and potassium accounts for 5 %. By the time of harvest, nitrogen accounts for 50 % and potassium accounts for 40 %. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the problem of heavy fertilization during fruit expansion. For leafy vegetables, in addition to the importance of organic fertilizer as a base fertilizer application, nitrogen fertilizer should also be applied in stages.

2 Look at the temperature and light in the environmental conditions of the environment fertilization protection. Gas and humidity are the main environmental factors that affect fertilizer application. 1The temperature is suitable, the crop grows vigorously, and the amount of fertilizer is needed. In the protected field cultivation, the temperature is higher in October - November and March-April , which is beneficial to the decomposition and transformation of fertilizer, and the growth of vegetables is also strong, and fertilizer can be applied more. However, in the low temperature period of December to January, generally no or less fertilizer is applied. For example, if the urea is applied at a temperature lower than 12 ° C, the conversion is slow, and the absorption capacity of the crop is poor or not absorbed. Fertilization should be carried out at temperatures above 12 °C. 2 Light is an indispensable condition for photosynthesis of vegetables. Photosynthesis and photosynthetic products are closely related to mineral nutrition, and illumination is also the main source of heat for protected facilities. In the case of better illumination, the temperature conditions in the protected area can be maintained to promote plant growth, and in this case, more fertilizer is required. In the case of poor light and rainy days, it is generally not advisable to apply fertilizer. 3 gas concentration and composition have a greater impact on vegetable growth. In the protected area facilities, it is basically in a closed state, and has poor gas exchange capacity with the outside world. It is easy to cause volatilization due to fertilization and other factors to increase the gas concentration, and the vegetables are damaged. Therefore, when ventilation and ventilation are small, the fertilizer should be applied less, and the volatile fertilizer should not be applied as much as possible, and the amount of fertilizer should be reduced. Ventilation should be carried out after fertilization. 4 Humidity is mainly regulated by irrigation and ventilation. When the soil moisture is suitable, the microbial activity is frequent, which can accelerate the decomposition and transformation of nutrients and increase the fertility effect. It is not suitable for fertilization when the soil is dry. Generally, it should be watered after fertilization to reduce soil concentration and promote vegetable absorption.

The impact of the protected environment on vegetable production is the result of a comprehensive effect, rather than one or two environmental factors that are suitable for good production purposes. Especially in fertilization, the environmental factors of the vegetables in the protected area should be comprehensively considered to make the most effective fertilizer effect, and reduce the fat damage to achieve the goal of high yield and quality.

3 See fertilizer application In the production of protected vegetable, there are many types of fertilizer, each with its own characteristics. Such as organic and inorganic fertilizers; gas fertilizers, liquid fertilizers and solid fertilizers; constant element fertilizers and trace element fertilizers. 1 Fertilization in the protected area often uses the combination of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, and uses organic fertilizer as the base fertilizer; while inorganic fertilizer is mostly used as top dressing, and inorganic fertilizer can also be used as base fertilizer. There are also some fine organic fertilizers (such as cake fertilizer) that can also be applied in the vegetable growing season or in the vicinity of the vegetable roots, and then watered to cover the needs of rapid plant growth. The application of organic bar can also increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in the protected area and increase the photosynthetic capacity. However, whether the base fertilizer or top dressing of organic fertilizers must be fully decomposed and then applied. 2 In the protected area, solid fertilizer and gas fertilizer are mostly used. When the solid fertilizer is applied to the soil, it must be dissolved in the water to be absorbed by the vegetables. The application of solid fertilizer in soil can be divided into two types: surface layer and deep layer application. For some easily volatile, nitrifying fertilizers, such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, urea and other nitrogen fertilizers, should be applied deep in the soil, so that ammonium ions are adsorbed by soil particles, so as to avoid the loss of volatile ammonia, causing vegetable ammonia poisoning. . Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers move slowly in the soil, and the effect on the surface layer is not great. It is best to use a deep application in a uniform layer of people. In the protected area, due to the poor evaporation ability of the soil, the potassium fertilizer is also easily infiltrated with the watering, resulting in a decrease in the potassium content of the plough layer. Therefore, in the later stage of vegetable production in the protected area, potassium fertilizer should be supplemented to supplement the potassium content. For fertilizers that are easily soluble in water, they can be applied with watering in the protected area. This method is simple, but the amount of fertilization is not too large. 3 chemical fertilizers, in addition to soil application, can also be used for top dressing. The top dressing material requires pure quality and is not easy to burn. Urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, etc. are used in a large number of protected vegetables. Most of the trace elements use the method of top dressing, and the more applied ones are boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer. 4 In the protected area, the gas fertilizer mainly refers to the carbon dioxide fertilization, and its application increasing effect has been confirmed in many aspects and widely used in production.

4 Fertilization according to cultivation method Because of the contradiction between the seasonality of the production of vegetables and the balance of supply, the vegetable farmers use the open field, plastic large, medium and small sheds in order to make the vegetables supply the market and increase the land utilization rate. Vegetable production is carried out in a combination of various cultivation and intercropping methods such as solar greenhouses and plastic film mulching. Therefore, although the same kind of vegetables are sometimes planted, the difference in fertilization amount is very different due to different cultivation methods. For example, in North China, only the base fertilizer is used. The wintering cucumber in the solar greenhouse applies 1000 kg of organic fertilizer per hectare . Spring greenhouses use 5,000 kilograms of organic fertilizer, and summer sowing autumn delays the cucumbers because of the fertilizer applied to the front, only 300 kilograms of organic fertilizer per hectare . Over the winter, the cucumbers need only 15 kg per hectare for the urea , and the spring cucumber and autumn cucumber are far lower than the overwintering cucumber.

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