Vitamins are essential nutrients necessary for pigs to maintain healthy, normal growth and reproductive functions. They are mainly used as coenzymes in nutrient metabolism. The study of vitamins begins with its deficiency, and as the research progresses, it constantly discovers its new functions and recommended additions. However, there are few studies on the vitamin needs of pigs in China, and the recommended amount of feeding standards is the estimated value.
1 Types of vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins: vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K
Water-soluble vitamins: B vitamins (vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, folic acid, pantothenic acid, choline, vitamin B6, biotin, vitamin B12), vitamin C
2 Vitamin testing methods
The detection methods of vitamins are mainly high performance liquid chromatography, fluorescence method and Rayleigh salt weight method.
Vitamin A: GB/T 17817-1999 Determination of vitamin A in feeds - High performance liquid chromatography;
Vitamin D: GB/T 17818-1999 Determination of vitamin D3 in feeds by high performance liquid chromatography;
Vitamin E: GB/T 17812-1999 Determination of vitamin E in feeds - High performance liquid chromatography;
Vitamin K: GB/T 18872-2002 Determination of vitamin K3 in feeds - High performance liquid chromatography;
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid): GB/T 17816-1999 Determination of total ascorbic acid in feeds - o-phenylenediamine method;
Vitamin B1 (thiamine): GB/T 14700-2002 Determination of vitamin B1 in feed;
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin): GB/T 14701-2002 Determination of vitamin B2 in feed;
Niacin (vitamin B3, PP), folic acid (vitamin B9): GB/T 17813-1999 Determination of niacin and folic acid in composite premixes by high performance liquid chromatography;
Choline (vitamin B4): Rayleigh salt weight method, high performance liquid chromatography
Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5): high performance liquid chromatography
Vitamin B6: GB/T 14702-2002 Determination of vitamin B6 in feeds - High performance liquid chromatography;
Biotin (vitamin B7, H): high performance liquid chromatography;
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin): GB/T 17819-1999 Determination of vitamin B12 in vitamin premixes High performance liquid chromatography.
3 Vitamins in feed ingredients
The Chinese Pig Breeding Standard (2004) lists the levels of various vitamins in commonly used feed ingredients. However, due to the influence of raw material origin, variety, storage time, etc., the vitamin content varies greatly, so this value is for reference only.
4 The effect of processing technology on vitamins
During the mixing process, the mixer, the body and the feed, and the feed pellets have a strong friction, constantly eroding the coating to protect the vitamins, cracking the protective layer around the vitamin crystals, and breaking it into Smaller particle size, exposed crystals and trace elements are in full contact, and redox reactions are easily caused to inactivate vitamins. The high temperature, high humidity and high pressure during the puffing granulation process are very damaging to vitamins. The tempered material enters the granulation chamber. Under the strong extrusion of the screw extruder, the friction between the material and the barrel wall, the screw and the material is getting larger and larger, so that the material in the chamber is at high temperature and high pressure, and the temperature is high. It can reach 120~170 °C and the pressure is 3~10 MPa. In this environment, the vitamin is destroyed a lot, so this process is also considered to be the most destructive processing.
5 Impact on pigs
Experiments on the effects of vitamins on pigs were carried out by exogenous additions, and there was no trial to study the effects of vitamins on pigs in raw materials. Table 1 lists some of the recent studies on vitamins in pigs.
Table 1 Part of the research done on vitamins in pigs this year
project | Impact on pigs | source |
Vitamin A | Visual function, bone growth; Muscle and subcutaneous fat deposition | A. Olivares et al. ( 2008 ) |
Vitamin D | Regulate body calcium and phosphorus metabolism | |
Vitamin E | Sow reproductive performance; Interaction with PUFA , affecting muscle VE content and lipid oxidation; Pigs have the highest bioavailability of D-alpha tocopherol acetate | DC Mahan et al ( 2000 ) CJ Lopez-bote et al ( 2003 ) LE Anderson et al ( 1995 ) |
Vitamin K | Participate in blood coagulation process, bone metabolism | |
Vitamin C | Increasing serum iron ion levels has no significant effect on immune function; Immunomodulatory factor, alleviating the sensitization reaction of soybean antigen protein | Junmei Zhao et al ( 2002 ) Peng Sun et al ( 2009 ) |
B vitamins | Folic acid can increase the level of homocysteine ​​in the serum of pregnant sows; 15 mg/kg VB 6 can increase serum VB 6 content and promote glucose and protein metabolism; Biotin can improve the quality of fattening pork | Birgit Barkow et al. ( 2001 ) JJ Matte et al. ( 2001 ) Giovanna Martelli et al. ( 2005 ) |
6 Research direction
At present, the research on vitamins mainly focuses on the reproductive performance of sows, the effects on piglets, growth and fattening pork quality, bone development, immune function and the interaction between various vitamins, vitamins and trace elements. Whether or not the vitamins naturally present in the raw materials are tested remains to be further discussed.
The NRC in the United States and the feeding standards in various countries have the recommended amount of various vitamins for pigs. However, the standard recommended amount is the minimum requirement for animals to maintain normal activities. Many studies have indicated that NRC-recommended weaned pigs and high lean meat-growing pigs usually need to supplement some vitamins (such as riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, etc.). Meet its maximum growth. The majority of companies add vitamins 2-10 times the recommended amount of NRC, which has the effect of improving pig growth performance and feed utilization. More than 10 times the amount of addition is reasonable, whether it causes vitamin waste, further research should be carried out.
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