(a) Apple
1. Fertilization principle
(1) Add organic fertilizer and promote organic and inorganic application; adjust the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer according to soil fertility conditions and yield level; pay attention to the combined application of calcium, magnesium, boron and zinc.
(2) Combined with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, NPK fertilizers are applied in stages according to tree potential and tree age.
(3) Orchards in which soil acidification occurs can be improved by applying silicon fertilizer and slaked lime.
2. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) Orchard with an output of 3,500 kg or less: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15~25 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6~10 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 15~20 kg/mu; per mu yield 3500~4500 kg orchard : Nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20~30 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8~12 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 15~25 kg/mu; per mu yield more than 4500 kg orchard: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25~40 kg/ Mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10~15 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 20~30 kg/mu.
(2) Early maturing varieties, or soil fertile, or small age, or tree-potential orchard, applying organic fertilizer 2~3 square/mu, late-maturing varieties, thin soil, large age, weak tree orchard, organic fertilizer 3~4 Square/mu, chemical fertilizer is divided into 2~3 times application (late mature variety 3 times), the first time in mid-March, NPK combined application; the second time in mid-June, based on nitrogen and potassium fertilizer, increase potassium fertilizer dosage; For the third time, from late July to mid-August, potassium was used as the main fertilizer, with a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer.
(3) Orchard with zinc deficiency, boron and calcium in the soil, apply 1~1.5 kg of zinc sulfate per acre, 0.5~1.0 kg of borax, 30~50 kg of calcium nitrate, and mix with organic fertilizer in early spring; the sulfur-deficient orchard should be selected Sulfur-containing fertilizers such as potassium sulfate type composite (mixed) fertilizer, ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, superphosphate, and the like.
(two) peach
1. Fertilization principle
(1) Strengthen the proportion of organic fertilizer application, rationally regulate the application level of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers according to soil fertility, early, late maturing varieties and yield levels, and pay attention to the combined application of calcium, magnesium, boron and zinc or copper fertilizer.
(2) Different varieties of spring topdressing period should be different. Early-maturing varieties are earlier than late-maturing varieties. The focus of fertilization is in autumn base fertilizer, and the number of spring topdressing is less than that of late-maturing varieties.
(3) Combined with high-quality cultivation techniques, plain areas that are prone to stagnation in summer should pay attention to combining ridge, film or orchard grass technology; arid areas advocate the use of surface covering and hole storage and fertilizer technology.
2. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) Application amount of organic fertilizer: early maturing varieties, or soil fertile, or small age, or tree-potential orchard, organic fertilizer 1~2 square/mu; late-maturing varieties, thin soil, large age, weak tree orchard Organic fertilizer 2~4 squares/mu.
(2) Fertilizer application amount: Taoyuan with a production level of 1500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10~12 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5~8 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 12~15 kg/mu; yield Taoyuan with a level of 2000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15~18 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 7~10 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 17~20 kg/mu; production level 3000 kg/mu Taoyuan: Nitrogen fertilizer (N) 18~20 kg N/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10~12 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 20~23 kg/mu.
(3) Fertilization method: All organic fertilizers are applied as base fertilizer after thawing in autumn or spring, and applied by ditching soil application method. 50% of phosphate and potassium fertilizers and 40% of nitrogen fertilizer together with organic fertilizer application, the rest of NPK fertilizers are applied according to nutrient requirements during growth period; fertilizer application is generally in peach germination stage (early March), hard core period (5 In the middle of the month and the fruit expansion period, the topdressing is 2~3 times (2 early maturing varieties and 3 late maturing varieties). This place needs to separate the fertilization ratio of the mature varieties in the morning and evening, and the mid-May is the hard-core period of the late-maturing varieties.
(4) In the orchard with early defoliation or excessive load in the previous year, the top dressing should be strengthened. Spray 2~3 times of 1%~3% urea before germination, and every 7 days after germination until mid-July. Once a day, the ratio of urea to potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed twice, and the concentration was 0.3% to 0.5%. If the peach trees appeared in the previous year, such as white leaves, branches, and gums, 0.01%~0.03% copper sulfate solution can be sprayed in the germination stage of peach trees.
(5) If the amount of organic fertilizer applied is large, the nitrogen and potassium fertilizers applied in the autumn may be reduced by 1~2 kg/mu as appropriate; if the organic fertilizer applied is pig manure, even if the peach trees appear in the past years, the leaves are white and dry. If symptoms such as glue are applied, copper sulfate may not be sprayed.
(three) pear
1. Fertilization principle
(1) Increasing the application of organic fertilizer, carrying out orchard, covering and fertilizing the soil in the orchard; the orchard with serious acidification of the soil is treated with lime and organic fertilizer for improvement.
(2) According to the soil fertility conditions of pear garden and the growth status of pear trees, the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer should be appropriately reduced, the application of potassium fertilizer should be increased, and the trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and boron should be supplemented by foliar application.
(3) Combine high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, yield levels and soil fertility conditions to determine the fertilizer application period, dosage and element ratio.
(4) Optimize the fertilization method, change the application to the strip application or point application, reasonably cooperate with irrigation and fertilization, and adjust the fertilizer with water.
2. Fertilization amount and method
(1) Orchard with an output of more than 4000 kg per mu: organic fertilizer 3~4 square/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25~30 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8~12 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 20~30 kg /mu.
(2) Orchard with an output of 2000~4000 kg per mu: organic fertilizer 2~3 square/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20~25 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8~12 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 20~25 Kg/mu.
(3) Orchard with an output of less than 2000 kg: organic fertilizer 2~3 square/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15~20 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8~12 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 15~20 kg /mu.
For orchards with less soil calcium and magnesium, calcium phosphate fertilizer should be used for phosphate fertilizer; orchards lacking iron, zinc and boron can be sprayed with ferrous sulfate, 0.3% zinc sulfate, 0.2 by concentration of 0.3%~0.5%. %~0.5% borax is corrected. According to the application amount of organic fertilizer, increase or decrease the amount of nitrogen and potassium in the fertilizer as appropriate.
All organic fertilizers, all phosphate fertilizers, 50% to 60% nitrogen fertilizers, and 40% potassium fertilizers were used as the base fertilizers in autumn after harvesting. The remaining 40% to 50% nitrogen fertilizers and 60% potassium fertilizers were in the germination period of March. And the application period of the expansion period from June to July, according to the strength of the pear tree potential can increase or decrease the number and dosage of top dressing.
Expert Group on Soil Testing and Formula Fertilization Technology of the Ministry of Agriculture
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